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Samurai during Medieval Japan (even if you can answer just one part of my ?, that'd be great...it's pretty big
I would really appreciate if somebody could explain the process of becoming a samurai from childhood (around 8-12 years) to adulthood (30 years) briefly.
What does Zen Buddhism include? Customs, rituals, beliefs? How did the Samurai practice it? How is it different from Pure Land Buddhism and other types of Buddhism in Japan?
What are some aspects of art, literature, or drama in Japan? I already know about calligraphy, the tanka and haiku poems, and Noh plays. Anything else?
What are some changes that would occur if Japanese leadership switched from the Fujiwara clans to the first three Shoguns?
For a 16-20 year old person studying to be a samurai, what would be included in the training?
What is the process from studing the bushido as a little boy or girl to becoming a young samurai like? Please describe.
I think there are some misunderstandings in your question. I thought that I have to correct it as Japanese. (Some words might be inappropriate for explain because the meanings are a bit different between Japanese and English.)
Samurai was their innate matter. Even the babies born in samurai's family were samurai. There was no exam/qualification to become a samurai. I think stereotypical bushido comes from "hagakure." But, it was a local way of education (only Nabeshima's). And, there were many types of samurai. Religion was an individual matter. It is fact that Soutou-shu(or Soto-shu) of Zen was one of the popular religion of samurai, though. I think the concept of religion in Japan is the most misunderstandable matter for non-Japanese. I don't know proper words for it.
[EDUCATION]
The education for samurai was yomi-kaki-soroban(読み書き算盤) and bugei(武芸).
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* yomi: reading, kaki: writing, soroban: soroban is a classic calculater, and it means math. bugei: martial arts
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There were many types of samurai. Some were good at math and/or literature and not at gymnastics. It was the same as the present day. You should not treat it in the stereotypic way. They were regarded as adult when they became 15 (this was called genpuku元服), and they had to stand on their own legs. Except genpuku and bugei, samurai's life is quite similar to modern Japanese life.
And, their philosophy was different depending on era. The view of martial arts proves it. First, it was called bugei. It means skill of battle. When peaceful days had come, it was organized/refined as bujutsu(武術). And, modern martial arts has philosophy, and is called budo(武道). The technique of killing was hidden there. Also, samurai's education had changed along this concept.
[FUJIWARA - samurai]
Most different point is art. Fujiwara was aristocrat and samurai was farmer before. The former was florid and the latter was sober. And, war was also different because samurai was expert. These factors established the base of their culture.
If you want to study more, you should check following sites.
Soto-shu: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D
Bugei 18-pan: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugei_Juhappan
Hagakure: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagakure
Genpuku: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genpuku
The Book of Five Rings: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings
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